現代煤化(hua)工廢水近零排放(fang)(fang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是(shi)協(xie)調生態環境與能源需求矛(mao)盾的(de)關鍵。目前生化(hua)處(chu)理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)從(cong)重(zhong)視單(dan)元技(ji)(ji)術(shu)發(fa)(fa)展為統籌(chou)考慮工藝銜接、處(chu)理系統容(rong)量和(he)源頭治理的(de)關鍵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)集(ji)成。膜(mo)分(fen)離+分(fen)質分(fen)鹽處(chu)理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)可在提高水資源利(li)用率的(de)同(tong)時(shi)回收鹽資源，因此是(shi)當下最可靠的(de)煤化(hua)工濃鹽水處(chu)理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。分(fen)析了技(ji)(ji)術(shu)及應用現狀，結合技(ji)(ji)術(shu)特(te)點(dian)為現代煤化(hua)工廢水近零排放(fang)(fang)處(chu)理難點(dian)解決和(he)未來發(fa)(fa)展方向提供參考。 煤化(hua)工(gong)(gong)能(neng)源產業由于煤炭(tan)在中(zhong)國(guo)能(neng)源儲備中(zhong)的首要(yao)地位(wei)而得到迅速(su)發展(zhan)。現(xian)代(dai)煤化(hua)工(gong)(gong)是以煤為原料，經(jing)化(hua)學加工(gong)(gong)轉化(hua)為氣體(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)和固體(ti)(ti)燃料以及(ji)化(hua)學品的過程。近(jin)年(nian)來國(guo)家(jia)經(jing)濟的高(gao)速(su)發展(zhan)對能(neng)源的需(xu)求(qiu)劇增，同時“貧油(you)、少(shao)氣”的能(neng)源特點更加突出了供需(xu)矛盾，因此現(xian)代(dai)煤化(hua)工(gong)(gong)產業的發展(zhan)是我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)源供給和經(jing)濟可持續發展(zhan)的保證。 現(xian)(xian)代(dai)煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工項目的生(sheng)(sheng)產與建設以生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)與能源協調發展(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)主旋律(lv)。煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工是高(gao)耗(hao)水(shui)行(xing)業，煤(mei)制(zhi)油(you)、煤(mei)制(zhi)烯烴和煤(mei)制(zhi)天然(ran)氣單(dan)位(wei)產品平均(jun)耗(hao)水(shui)量分(fen)別達10、27、6 t左右，但煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工項目通常分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)煤(mei)炭資源豐富(fu)和水(shui)資源匱乏(fa)地區。除此之(zhi)外，煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產過程(cheng)中會產生(sheng)(sheng)一類(lei)含有(you)高(gao)濃度酚類(lei)、高(gao)濃度氨氮以及(ji)大量有(you)毒有(you)害物質的廢水(shui)。且由于煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工項目所在(zai)(zai)地區對廢水(shui)的環(huan)境(jing)(jing)容量受限，因此在(zai)(zai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護(hu)方面對煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工廢水(shui)的處理(li)要求(qiu)非常嚴格。為(wei)了協調煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工帶來的生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)問(wen)題與能源需求(qiu)的矛盾(dun)，解決(jue)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工發展(zhan)(zhan)瓶頸，很(hen)多研究(jiu)者應(ying)用生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理(li)技(ji)術(shu)、物化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理(li)技(ji)術(shu)以及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)-物化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)耦合技(ji)術(shu)對煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工廢水(shui)進行(xing)處理(li)，但目前現(xian)(xian)代(dai)煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工廢水(shui)處理(li)仍(reng)存在(zai)(zai)一些難點，近零排放技(ji)術(shu)亟(ji)待發展(zhan)(zhan)與優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。 1 現代煤化工廢水近零(ling)排放處理技術(shu)現狀(zhuang) 煤化(hua)工水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)系統包(bao)括凈水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、循環水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、生(sheng)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、中水(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)、濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)蒸發(fa)結晶處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)（見(jian)圖1），因(yin)此(ci)現代煤化(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)近零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)的實現需解(jie)決多項(xiang)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)利用(yong)(yong)的技術(shu)難點，才能實現高水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源利用(yong)(yong)率且無廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)外(wai)排(pai)的目(mu)標。目(mu)前現代煤化(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)建立了(le)預處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)+生(sheng)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)+回用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)+濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)分(fen)質(zhi)分(fen)鹽的技術(shu)流程，其(qi)中生(sheng)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)與(yu)濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)是煤化(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)近零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)的關鍵環節。 生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)能(neng)去除(chu)煤化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中90%以上(shang)的(de)污染物，尤(you)其是多元酚及(ji)(ji)含氮雜環等(deng)特征難降(jiang)解有機物需要生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)才能(neng)去除(chu)。目(mu)前現代煤化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)主(zhu)要由預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、生(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和深度處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)組(zu)成，包(bao)括物化(hua)(hua)+生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)、厭氧(yang)(yang)+好氧(yang)(yang)及(ji)(ji)其優化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。對內蒙(meng)古、陜西、山西等(deng)地18家煤化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業及(ji)(ji)2家園區污水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)進(jin)行分析和統(tong)計，顯示煤化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)污水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)核心生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)應(ying)用與(yu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)相關（見圖2），主(zhu)要包(bao)括SBR、CAST、A/O、A2O、MBR以及(ji)(ji)接觸氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)。 水(shui)煤(mei)漿氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和粉煤(mei)氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)核(he)心(xin)技術選(xuan)擇性較(jiao)多(duo)，而(er)已建和在(zai)(zai)建碎(sui)煤(mei)加壓氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢(fei)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)存在(zai)(zai)差(cha)異，如成功運(yun)行的(de)中煤(mei)圖克煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)廢(fei)水(shui)零(ling)排放生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)應(ying)用了哈爾濱(bin)工(gong)(gong)業大學(xue)的(de)EBA技術，出水(shui)COD＜60 mg/L，總酚為10 mg/L，氨氮在(zai)(zai)2~3 mg/L，COD平均去除率(lv)達到(dao)98%，氨氮平均去除率(lv)達到(dao)99%。由于碎(sui)煤(mei)加壓氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)穩定運(yun)行的(de)生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)得到(dao)業內認可，目(mu)前碎(sui)煤(mei)加壓氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)建項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)均應(ying)用多(duo)級A/O工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)或EBA工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)進行生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢(fei)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)。 濃鹽(yan)水處(chu)理(li)(li)是煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)工廢水處(chu)理(li)(li)實(shi)現近零排(pai)放的(de)最后(hou)環節(jie)。煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)工濃鹽(yan)水即煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)工回用水系統排(pai)放的(de)反滲透濃水，COD可達1 000 mg/L以(yi)上(shang)，總溶解(jie)性固體達30 000~100 000 mg/L，濃鹽(yan)水含(han)有大量(liang)難降解(jie)有機物(wu)、多種鹽(yan)分(fen)及重(zhong)金屬(shu)等。目前(qian)煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)工濃鹽(yan)水的(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)以(yi)“膜濃縮+蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)結晶制備(bei)(bei)混(hun)鹽(yan)”和“膜分(fen)離+蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)結晶及分(fen)質(zhi)分(fen)鹽(yan)”2種技(ji)術(shu)(shu)為主(zhu)。蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)結晶制備(bei)(bei)的(de)混(hun)鹽(yan)因(yin)含(han)有微量(liang)有毒物(wu)質(zhi)及重(zhong)金屬(shu)需依照危險廢棄(qi)物(wu)進行處(chu)置，又由(you)于混(hun)鹽(yan)處(chu)置技(ji)術(shu)(shu)存在二次(ci)環境污染隱患不(bu)能達到生態環保要(yao)求。因(yin)此(ci)，現代煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)工濃鹽(yan)水應(ying)先通過膜技(ji)術(shu)(shu)將鹽(yan)分(fen)離，再利用蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)結晶技(ji)術(shu)(shu)制備(bei)(bei)工業鹽(yan)，以(yi)實(shi)現資源化(hua)(hua)利用。 2 現(xian)代煤化工廢水近(jin)零排放處理技術難點 現(xian)代煤(mei)化工(gong)廢水水質(zhi)復雜，含(han)有(you)(you)大量(liang)有(you)(you)機物，COD達10 000~20 000 mg/L，含(han)有(you)(you)大量(liang)對生物新(xin)陳代謝有(you)(you)抑制性和毒性的酚類、烷烴、酯類、吡啶、喹啉以及雜環(huan)類物質(zhi)，目前現(xian)代煤(mei)化工(gong)廢水處理(li)技術(shu)仍舊存(cun)在多項技術(shu)難點。 01 特(te)征難降解有機物預(yu)處理技術 酚(fen)氨(an)油是現代煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)預(yu)處理(li)(li)中要去除(chu)的(de)特征污染(ran)物(wu)。廢(fei)水(shui)中的(de)酚(fen)類污染(ran)物(wu)可達(da)2 900~3 900 mg/L，氨(an)氮為(wei)3 000~9 000 mg/L，酚(fen)類污染(ran)物(wu)對生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)系(xi)統(tong)有非常強的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)毒性(xing)，且當預(yu)處理(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)非穩(wen)定(ding)運行(xing)時生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)進水(shui)的(de)COD可達(da)3倍甚至10倍以上，直接影響生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處理(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)運行(xing)。目前酚(fen)氨(an)回收的(de)重點在(zai)于研究不(bu)同萃取(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)和萃取(qu)(qu)順(shun)序。陳赟等(deng)研究了萃取(qu)(qu)溶劑(ji)(ji)甲(jia)基(ji)異丁基(ji)甲(jia)酮（MIBK）和二(er)異丙醚（DIPE）對廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)處理(li)(li)效果，結果表明MIBK分(fen)配系(xi)數更高，總(zong)(zong)酚(fen)脫(tuo)除(chu)率(lv)從50%提至67%。在(zai)單塔脫(tuo)酸脫(tuo)氨(an)后萃取(qu)(qu)脫(tuo)酚(fen)技術中采用MIBK作為(wei)萃取(qu)(qu)劑(ji)(ji)，COD、氨(an)氮和總(zong)(zong)酚(fen)的(de)去除(chu)率(lv)分(fen)別達(da)到98%、99%、100%。 酚氨回收處理(li)后廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)中的油(you)質(zhi)量(liang)濃度為100~200 mg/L，這些油(you)類物(wu)質(zhi)會(hui)阻礙微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)代謝(xie)并在好氧段(duan)產(chan)生(sheng)大(da)量(liang)泡沫(mo)，引(yin)起污(wu)泥流失，從(cong)而嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)后續生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)系統(tong)的運行(xing)。現代煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)(hua)工項目采用氣(qi)浮(fu)(fu)技術將(jiang)油(you)類和一些污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)質(zhi)從(cong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)中帶出(chu)，主要(yao)有隔(ge)油(you)沉淀(dian)+氣(qi)浮(fu)(fu)、多級氣(qi)浮(fu)(fu)和氮氣(qi)隔(ge)油(you)氣(qi)浮(fu)(fu)等工藝。應(ying)用隔(ge)油(you)氣(qi)浮(fu)(fu)兩級預處理(li)工藝后，煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)中的油(you)從(cong)90 mg/L降至20 mg/L，大(da)幅減輕了(le)對后續生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處理(li)微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)長(chang)代謝(xie)的抑制作用。對煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)應(ying)用混凝—氣(qi)浮(fu)(fu)法時除油(you)率可達97%左右。 02 特征難降解有機物生(sheng)化(hua)處理技(ji)術(shu) 現代煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工廢水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處理系統(tong)進(jin)水(shui)中有(you)(you)機物(wu)(wu)濃度高且生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性能差。碎煤(mei)加壓氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢水(shui)較水(shui)煤(mei)漿氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢水(shui)及(ji)粉(fen)煤(mei)氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)質(zhi)更(geng)加復(fu)雜，通(tong)常碎煤(mei)加壓氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢水(shui)COD達到(dao)2 000~3 000 mg/L，B/C在0.22~0.28，難降(jiang)解有(you)(you)機物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)比例高達20%~25%，進(jin)水(shui)中含(han)有(you)(you)酚(fen)類化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)、芳香(xiang)烴(jing)(jing)、長鏈烷烴(jing)(jing)、多環(huan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)等多種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)毒(du)性強的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)。M. Zheng等在毒(du)性機制基礎上建立了(le)煤(mei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工特征難降(jiang)解有(you)(you)機物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)毒(du)性評估，認為含(han)氮雜環(huan)及(ji)酚(fen)類化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累性毒(du)性嚴重(zhong)抑制了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活性。徐鵬通(tong)過厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)、缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)工藝(yi)處理喹啉等難降(jiang)解有(you)(you)機物(wu)(wu)，缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)段(duan)和厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)喹啉、聯苯、萘類物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)去除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)高于好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)去除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)（好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)段(duan)以上物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)去除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)分別為17.3%、12.8%、19.6%），表(biao)明(ming)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)毒(du)性對(dui)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)降(jiang)解產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)協同(tong)抑制作用，尤其影響(xiang)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)去除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)效能。其繼續研究多級共代謝對(dui)厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)、缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)工藝(yi)去除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)雜環(huan)及(ji)多環(huan)芳烴(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，結果表(biao)明(ming)該(gai)方法可(ke)將(jiang)雜環(huan)及(ji)多環(huan)芳烴(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)去除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)有(you)(you)效提高到(dao)83.5%以上。 煤化工(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)處理(li)(li)生化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)非穩定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行也會嚴重影(ying)響活(huo)性污泥(ni)的(de)(de)活(huo)性和(he)生長，且需要耗費很(hen)長時間才能(neng)恢復活(huo)性污泥(ni)的(de)(de)活(huo)性。除此之外，生化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行及出(chu)(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)達標(biao)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)是保證回用水(shui)處理(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、濃鹽(yan)(yan)水(shui)處理(li)(li)及分質(zhi)分鹽(yan)(yan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)穩定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行的(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)條(tiao)件。總之，生化處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行和(he)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)達標(biao)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)是實現現代煤化工(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)近零(ling)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)關鍵。 目(mu)前現(xian)代(dai)煤化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)生化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)以厭(yan)氧(yang)+好(hao)(hao)(hao)氧(yang)為(wei)主(zhu)，該技術是實現(xian)現(xian)代(dai)煤化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)穩定運行(xing)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)方法。厭(yan)氧(yang)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)目(mu)標(biao)是提高廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)可(ke)生化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)，從而提高好(hao)(hao)(hao)氧(yang)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)對有(you)機物(wu)的(de)去除率。好(hao)(hao)(hao)氧(yang)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)常用多級(ji)(ji)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氧(yang)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，前段(duan)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氧(yang)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)應用高生物(wu)量以降低酚類化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)及(ji)生物(wu)抑制污染物(wu)的(de)濃度，后段(duan)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氧(yang)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)實現(xian)有(you)機物(wu)的(de)高效(xiao)(xiao)脫除。通過(guo)對已建煤化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)生化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)項(xiang)目(mu)運行(xing)情況和在建項(xiang)目(mu)應用技術的(de)分析，多級(ji)(ji)A/O和EBA工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)是有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)處(chu)理(li)煤化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)技術。 03 特征難(nan)降解(jie)有機物深度(du)處理技術 為保證現代(dai)煤(mei)化工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)經(jing)處(chu)理后達到排放(fang)標準或(huo)循環水(shui)補水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)標準，需在深度(du)處(chu)理系統中(zhong)進一步(bu)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)特征難(nan)降(jiang)解的(de)有(you)機物(wu)、色度(du)和懸浮物(wu)。H. Zhu等認(ren)為臭(chou)氧(yang)催化氧(yang)化（AOPs）技術可以(yi)有(you)效去(qu)(qu)除(chu)煤(mei)化工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)含(han)氮(dan)雜(za)環有(you)機物(wu)，吡啶和吲哚的(de)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率分別可達90%、95%以(yi)上。在實際工程(cheng)中(zhong)，深度(du)處(chu)理將根據廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)、預期效果等對單元處(chu)理技術進行組合和優化，如圖3所示。碎煤(mei)加壓氣(qi)化廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)因水(shui)質(zhi)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)且難(nan)處(chu)理，其深度(du)處(chu)理流程(cheng)更長(chang)，處(chu)理工藝更復(fu)(fu)雜(za)。通常(chang)應(ying)用(yong)臭(chou)氧(yang)+BAF、Fenton+接觸氧(yang)化、活性焦吸(xi)附法(fa)等，去(qu)(qu)除(chu)煤(mei)化工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)經(jing)生化處(chu)理后依舊存在的(de)典型難(nan)降(jiang)解有(you)機物(wu)。 04 濃鹽水資源化利用技術難(nan)點 現(xian)代煤化工(gong)濃(nong)鹽水(shui)來自于煤化工(gong)回用水(shui)處理(li)系統(tong)的反(fan)滲透膜濃(nong)水(shui) 對現代煤(mei)化工高(gao)(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)進行(xing)處理(li)可(ke)有效提高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源利用(yong)率。通常應用(yong)高(gao)(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)工藝(yi)項目的高(gao)(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)僅占(zhan)含(han)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)10%以(yi)下，而高(gao)(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)外排或不設蒸發結晶(jing)項目的高(gao)(gao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)占(zhan)含(han)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)20%~40%以(yi)上(shang)。 現(xian)代煤化工的(de)濃鹽(yan)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)是實現(xian)近零排放(fang)的(de)最后亟待解決(jue)的(de)難點。目前濃鹽(yan)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)技(ji)術(shu)得到工程應用的(de)是膜(mo)濃縮+蒸發(fa)結(jie)晶技(ji)術(shu)，但蒸發(fa)結(jie)晶產生的(de)雜(za)鹽(yan)被(bei)定性為危險廢棄(qi)物，需要固(gu)廢處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠(chang)對其進行(xing)填(tian)埋處(chu)(chu)理(li)。這(zhe)種雜(za)鹽(yan)處(chu)(chu)理(li)方(fang)式不但受制于固(gu)廢處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠(chang)的(de)場(chang)地容量(liang)，而且存在二次環(huan)境污染。 煤(mei)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)鹽(yan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度高(gao)，以氯(lv)化鈉、硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鈉和硝酸(suan)鈉為(wei)主(zhu)。煤(mei)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)鹽(yan)及資源(yuan)化技術(shu)能在提高(gao)水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)率的(de)(de)同時(shi)對濃(nong)(nong)(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)鹽(yan)進行回收(shou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。現代煤(mei)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)鹽(yan)及資源(yuan)化技術(shu)以膜分(fen)離(li)+蒸(zheng)發(fa)結晶分(fen)質分(fen)鹽(yan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝為(wei)主(zhu)。應用(yong)(yong)(yong)納(na)濾技術(shu)分(fen)離(li)煤(mei)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)，COD和硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)根的(de)(de)去除率可(ke)達75%、90%以上。值得注意的(de)(de)是，納(na)濾膜對氯(lv)離(li)子(zi)的(de)(de)負(fu)截留率非(fei)常有助(zhu)于煤(mei)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)中氯(lv)化鈉的(de)(de)回收(shou)。 3 展望 01 集成(cheng)生化處理技(ji)術 集(ji)成生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)技(ji)術根(gen)據(ju)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質的差異，合理(li)集(ji)成核心生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)技(ji)術、預處理(li)技(ji)術及(ji)深度處理(li)技(ji)術，可有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)去(qu)除(chu)現代煤化(hua)工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)的特征污染(ran)物。W. Ma等的研(yan)究(jiu)表明(ming)，微(wei)氧條件下微(wei)電解與生(sheng)(sheng)物反應(ying)器耦合技(ji)術能夠有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提高(gao)煤化(hua)工廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)的可生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)性，COD去(qu)除(chu)率可提高(gao)到86.5%以上(shang)。 目(mu)前集成生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝流程長(chang)且各(ge)單位工(gong)(gong)藝之間(jian)相(xiang)互影響(xiang)，當(dang)單元(yuan)工(gong)(gong)藝運(yun)行效果(guo)達不到設計指標時，將導致整個生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)系統(tong)無法穩定(ding)運(yun)行。目(mu)前生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)重點尚在單元(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)用，因(yin)此(ci)遇到水(shui)(shui)質波(bo)動(dong)或工(gong)(gong)況改變時生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)出水(shui)(shui)難以達標。因(yin)此(ci)，現代煤化(hua)工(gong)(gong)廢水(shui)(shui)近零排(pai)放系統(tong)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)運(yun)行需(xu)統(tong)籌考慮集成生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)系統(tong)性，強調(diao)單元(yuan)工(gong)(gong)藝之間(jian)的(de)(de)協(xie)調(diao)性，應(ying)用生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處理(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)正確運(yun)行操作方案。 02 濃鹽(yan)水資源化利(li)用 應(ying)用蒸(zheng)發結(jie)晶(jing)制(zhi)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)鹽(yan)時(shi)不可避免會混入(ru)少量有機物(wu)、重金屬及(ji)其他(ta)鹽(yan)，現階(jie)段對附(fu)于(yu)結(jie)晶(jing)鹽(yan)表面的微量物(wu)質(zhi)尚(shang)未有相關(guan)標準(zhun)進行(xing)定(ding)性，從而影響結(jie)晶(jing)鹽(yan)的品質(zhi)與(yu)流通(tong)，因此分(fen)離(li)提(ti)純濃鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)鹽(yan)的難點(dian)在于(yu)控制(zhi)結(jie)晶(jing)鹽(yan)品質(zhi)。目前煤(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)鹽(yan)以其他(ta)行(xing)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)鹽(yan)標準(zhun)進行(xing)分(fen)類(lei)，亟(ji)需制(zhi)定(ding)煤(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)制(zhi)取工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)鹽(yan)標準(zhun)，來規(gui)范(fan)和(he)指導煤(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)鹽(yan)的資源(yuan)化(hua)利用與(yu)流通(tong)。 03 應用清潔生產方式減少廢水(shui)鹽含量 現(xian)代煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃鹽(yan)(yan)水的(de)(de)資源化(hua)利用(yong)(yong)技術與應用(yong)(yong)正處(chu)于發展與實踐過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，目前煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)備工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)非常復雜且(qie)能(neng)耗很高(gao)。煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃鹽(yan)(yan)水處(chu)理具備巨大環(huan)境效益，但(dan)其(qi)運行(xing)成(cheng)本給(gei)企(qi)業帶來巨大經濟(ji)壓(ya)力。煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃鹽(yan)(yan)水中(zhong)的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)來自于原(yuan)料煤(mei)(mei)、新鮮水、生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)廢水處(chu)理中(zhong)投加的(de)(de)藥劑，全流(liu)程(cheng)外加的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)占分質分鹽(yan)(yan)質量的(de)(de)50%以(yi)上，因此控(kong)制(zhi)煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)水處(chu)理過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)投加的(de)(de)藥劑量，應用(yong)(yong)清潔的(de)(de)生產方式是(shi)降低煤(mei)(mei)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濃鹽(yan)(yan)水分鹽(yan)(yan)難度的(de)(de)前提。 4 結論 現代煤化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)近(jin)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)是協調生(sheng)態環境與能源矛盾的(de)(de)(de)必經(jing)之路，目前(qian)形成(cheng)了預處(chu)理(li)+生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)+回用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)+濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)及(ji)分(fen)質(zhi)分(fen)鹽的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。集成(cheng)生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是現代煤化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)近(jin)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心。煤化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)特征有(you)機物尤其(qi)是含氮雜環及(ji)多元酚對微生(sheng)物具有(you)累積性毒性抑制作用(yong)，會(hui)對煤化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)近(jin)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)工藝帶來很大的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)面作用(yong)，因此依(yi)據廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)差異進行(xing)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)方案設計和準確的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)操作可(ke)為現代煤化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)項目穩定運行(xing)提供保障(zhang)(zhang)。應用(yong)膜分(fen)離+蒸發(fa)(fa)結晶技(ji)(ji)術(shu)處(chu)理(li)煤化(hua)(hua)工濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，不但能提高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源的(de)(de)(de)重復利用(yong)率，還可(ke)以制備能夠(gou)資源化(hua)(hua)利用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)鹽，從而打通現代煤化(hua)(hua)工廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)近(jin)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)后(hou)關卡。此外，煤化(hua)(hua)工濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)質(zhi)分(fen)鹽尚需研發(fa)(fa)濃(nong)鹽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中重金屬(shu)、有(you)機物和毒性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)深度去(qu)除(chu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)來保障(zhang)(zhang)工業(ye)鹽的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)。 |
行業資訊
